Do a setmod of zero to clear the modulus and work in the group of integers. Using the same constants we did above, that gives us this: In this case, the inverse (x) is 3. If a has a multiplicative inverse modulo m, this gcd must be 1. It is pretty similar to finding the inverse of a 3x3 matrix not modulo 26. This was all UPLOADED. If you’re asked to graph the inverse of a function, you can do so by remembering one fact: a function and its inverse are reflected over the line y = x. When x has an inverse, we say x is invertible. A modulus in mathematics has to do with modular arithmetic, also called clock arithmetic. Two’s complement is a method for representing signed numbers in binary number system. For example, to make an Absolute Magnitude to Luminosity calculation, click button #3, enter the data and then click "Calculate". P is initialized to 11, so you can enter "5+8=", by pushing the corresponding buttons, to find the answer "2 (mod 11)". Cosine calculator. Get the free "Inverse Function Calculator - Math101" widget for your website, blog, Wordpress, Blogger, or iGoogle. Make sure that det A has a modular inverse for Mod 26. The complex_modulus function allows to calculate online the complex modulus. The multiplicative inverse of a modulo m exists if and only if a and m are coprime (i. NOTE: You can use any of them, but they must be used in pairs!. Modular multiplicative inverse is used for The Chinese Remainder Theorem and RSA algorithm. Modulus of Rigidity can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of the material. Find Inverse of Modulo? 1. Best regards,. A python code for calculate GCD and modular multiplicative inverse - modular-multiplicative-inverse. Online Scientific Calculator. Keys: pi, e, standard gravity, gas constant, sin, cos, tan, asin and more. Z26 (The Integers mod 26) An element x of Zn has an inverse in Zn if there is an element y in Zn such that xy ≡ 1 (mod n). Please let me know if my question is not clear. Availability and some specifications may vary according to region. RSA algorithm will be improved by reducing the modulus and private exponents. Adventurous readers can test math ability by trying to solve for the modular inverse from THIS point, if can. Input and output in binary, decimal, hexadecimal or ASCII. Modular Multiplicative Inverse Calculator Modulo is an operation that finds the remainder of an integer division. 151 mod 541. Matrix Multiplication Calculator (Solver) This on-line calculator will help you calculate the __product of two matrices__. Telephone 612-624-7544 e-mail [email protected] Lets go over some basics first. e a Inverse Natural Logarithm. Keys: pi, e, standard gravity, gas constant, sin, cos, tan, asin and more. But when the modulus is 5, the inverse of 2 is 3. 5 Inverse Matrices Suppose A is a square matrix. About: Beyond simple math and grouping (like "(x+2)(x-4)"), there are some functions you can use as well. It is used like this: Sigma is fun to use, and can do many clever things. First calculate 26=3*7+5 7=1*5+2 5=2*2+1 Since 7 and 26 are coprime their GCF is 1 so this always ends in 1. (Note that the number 1 is counted as coprime to all positive integers including itself. Modular Arithmetic is also called Clock Arithmetic. This calculator does arithmetic (mod P), where P is an integer you set with "Set P". For example, 2 3 = 8, and we've already know (Z 8, +, *) is not a field. org are unblocked. Modular Exponentiation Calculator,Successive Squaring Calculator. In this article, we present two methods for finding the modular inverse in case it exists, and one method for finding the modular inverse for all numbers in linear time. Consequently the interactions among the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and fracture en- ergy might be ignored or inhibited. A complex numbers are of the form , a+bi where a is called the real part and bi is called the imaginary part. What is Inverse Demand Function? In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. This calculator extracts the square root, calculate the modulus, finds inverse, finds conjugate and transform complex number to polar form. See How can I implement the "Multiplication Modulo" and "Addition Modulo" operations in IDEA? Key generation involves computing a multiplicative inverse. It exists only if the greatest common divisor of a and b is 1. Is there a command to calculate the inverse of r modulo m? Example: Such a command ( let's call it invmod()) should work in the following way invmod(12,53)-> 31. The modular multiplicative inverse is an integer ‘x’ such that. TI-36X Pro Scientific Calculator Advanced, four-line scientific calculator, with higher-level math and science functionality, is ideal for computer science and engineering courses in which graphing technology may not be permitted. The expression "5 mod 2" would evaluate to 1, because 5 divided by 2 leaves a quotient of 2. Report Abuse. For example say 4 is the given number then the multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of that number is. You can force the calculator to try to evaluate an expression by putting an equals sign (=) after it. The inverse of a matrix is calculated in several ways, the easiest is the cofactor method which necessitate to calculate the determinant of the matrix but also the comatrix and its transposed matrix:. If two numbers and have the property that their difference is integrally divisible by a number (i. This calculator does arithmetic (mod P), where P is an integer you set with "Set P". , if gcd(a, m) = 1). Online CRC Calculation Tweet Inspired by Lammert Bies ' CRC Calculation page, which I've used many many times for my work and projects, I decided to write the same with javascript and without the 800 char limit, and here it is. C l XARlZlm wrhixgCh itQs B HrXeas Le rNv 1eEd H. (or, equally, s is the multiplicative inverse of r) In modular arithmetic, we do do much the same, subject to limitations on division. Online Scientific Calculator. And this will works for all matrix sizes. They accept a date as a six-element array, and return the corresponding time(2) value in seconds since the system epoch (Midnight, January 1, 1970 GMT on Unix, for example). It never made it out of its test phase. It works the same way for matrices. Range of usual principal value. One way to compute the multiplicative inverse is using the extended Euclidean algorithm. M^-1=I where I is the identity matrix. Trigonometric cosine calculator. First we note that gcd(5, 26) = 1, so 5 has an inverse mod 26. We look for an “inverse matrix” A 1 of the same size, such that A 1 times A equals I. Multiplicative inverse calculator tool is the reciprocal of a number. TIPS (adapted from Google's Online Calculator Help) Parentheses can be used whenever they'll serve to make complicated expressions unambiguous, and also sets of parentheses can be used within parentheses; don't use brackets for grouping. If you cannot see how to write a linear combination of 5 and 26 equal 1, you can do so using the Euclidean algorithm. Read on to discover what modulo operations are, how to calculate modulo and how to use this calculator correctly. Previous classes; Winter 1997 Spring 1997 ; Fall 1997. However, modulo arithmetic on its own will not let us to construct a finite field with order of p m for m > 1. This Linear Algebra Toolkit is composed of the modules listed below. NOTE: You can use any of them, but they must be used in pairs!. Each module is designed to help a linear algebra student learn and practice a basic linear algebra procedure, such as Gauss-Jordan reduction, calculating the determinant, or checking for linear independence. Index of online calculators for finance, algebra, math, fractions, factoring, plane geometry, solid geometry, finance, time, chemistry, physics, technology and. Modular Inverse for RSA in python. Open: Ideal Pinned Column Buckling Calculator. Visit here to use the Mod Calculator for free. , if gcd(a, m) = 1). I hope someone can help. π e e MC MR MS M+ M-. computation of modular inverse of b modulo a, where a is a prime. Calculation of the Power Spectral Density. Find more Mathematics widgets in Wolfram|Alpha. The last of several equations produced by the algorithm may be solved for this gcd. What is a multiplicative. online looking has now gone an extended approach; it has changed the way shoppers and entrepreneurs. The modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a modulo m is an integer b such that, It maybe noted , where the fact that the inversion is m-modular is implicit. This algorithm is used when A and B are co-prime. Cosine Calculator. Below appears a list of some numbers which equal 1 mod r. Modular multiplicative inverse is used for The Chinese Remainder Theorem and RSA algorithm. 5 log 10 10 2) Using the rules of logarithms to make some simplifications. Modinv(m,n): inverse of m modulo n, only valid when gcd(m,n)=1. C l XARlZlm wrhixgCh itQs B HrXeas Le rNv 1eEd H. If we multiply a number with its multiplicative inverse the result is always 1. This inverse matrix calculator help you to find the inverse matrix. Modulo operation is used in all calculations and division by determinant is replaced with multiplication by modular multiplicative inverse of determinant, refer to Modular Multiplicative Inverse. If a has a multiplicative inverse modulo m, this gcd must be 1. For example, decrypting a coded message uses the inverse of a matrix. org explains, an inverse function “is a function that ‘reverses' another function. To calculate 8413, we need to go through several steps. Their product is the identity matrix—which does nothing to a vector, so A 1Ax D x. I'm trying to find out how to do the inverse of a MOD function. Get the free "Inverse Function Calculator - Math101" widget for your website, blog, Wordpress, Blogger, or iGoogle. The "inverse" in "inverse Gaussian" is misleading because the distribution isn't actually an inverse. The inverse of a square matrix M is a matrix denoted M^-1 such as que M. There’s something called the “Modular Multiplicative Inverse” which looks eerily familiar: Where a and m are known, and the inverse itself is the value of x. Important points to note:. FOX Calculator can be downloaded from the download page either as a Linux or as Win32 Binary (both statically linked with FOX). The Hex Calculator is used to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on two hexadecimal numbers. Inverse Functions. This is a modular arithmetic calculator written long ago in JavaScript. Good question. However, I used this mainly for calculating inverse of 4×4 matrices and it worked just fine. This brings about the formation of dipoles and the rhombohedral and tetragonal crystallite phases, which are of interest for piezo technology. Use the inverse Euclidean algorithm. Check out the Mod Calculator online for free mod calculations, to solve problems with effectively only at BYJU'S. Use parenthesis to alter the order of operations or to specify function. a x ≡ 1 ( m o d m ). Big number equation calculation : This tool allows you to add (+), subtract (-), mutiply (*), calculate the modulo (%), calculate the power (^) or calculate the greatest common divisor (gcd) of very large positive integer numbers. But the common pitfall in mod operation is that when the result of a modulo operation has the sign of the dividend, it can lead to surprising mistakes. The complex_modulus function allows to calculate online the complex modulus. This has been explained in detail in the Modular multiplicative inverse section. The inverse Gaussian is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions. Complex analysis. called the multiplicative inverse of x modulo m. A quantity that uses the inverse square law and the logarithmic magnitude system is the distance modulus''. Modular Exponentiation and Successive Squaring Video. Modular Inverse is a small topic but look at the amount of background knowledge it requires to understand it! Euler's Theorem, Euler Phi, Modular Exponentiation, Linear Diophantine Equation, Extended Euclidian Algorithm and other small bits of information. 3219280949 enter "2 x^a 2. No inverse exists if the GCD (greatest common divisor) of x and n is greater than 1. Another inverse of a number is the multiplicative inverse, or reciprocal. Determine engine and motor performance using the ET and trap-speed methods. Find an inverse of 4 modulo 15 by rst nding B ezout coe cients of 4 and 15. The proviso is relevant only to the Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse computation. You can force the calculator to try to evaluate an expression by putting an equals sign (=) after it. However, modulo arithmetic on its own will not let us to construct a finite field with order of p m for m > 1. All you need is the ability to multiply modulo $2^{16}+1$. The best way to introduce modular arithmetic is to think of the face of a clock. Good question. Graphing calculator. The main difference of this calculator from calculator Inverse matrix calculator is modular arithmetic. They accept a date as a six-element array, and return the corresponding time(2) value in seconds since the system epoch (Midnight, January 1, 1970 GMT on Unix, for example). Euler's totient function φ(n) is the number of positive integers not exceeding n that have no common divisors with n (other than the common divisor 1). For help refer to the Instruction manual and to the Online Scientific Calculator blog entries. I had to rely on Wolfram Alpha instead. Inverse Functions. Thus for example if we add 23 and 14 modulo 5 we end up with 37 modulo 5 which is 2 modulo 5; briefly 23 + 14 = 37 2 (mod 5). Thie recipe handles those rare cases. Solves various equations related to horsepower. Instead of hitting you in the face with formulas. Just enter the number a and b, this Mod / Modulo calculator will update you the mod value of (a%b) within the fractions of seconds. Ok, so how do we do this for complex numbers? $$a + bi$$ = ? The multiplicitive inverse of any complex number $$a + bi$$ is $$\frac{1}{ a + bi}$$. Even functions which are polynomials have even degrees (e. Before proceeding in this section let me first say that I’m assuming that you’ve seen arithmetic with complex numbers at some point before and most of what is in this section is going to be a review for you. Calculate the exclusive or (XOR) with a simple web-based calculator. inverse is by using Extended Euclidean Algorithm. , there is no integer x such that 2x = 1. This modulo calculator is a handy tool if you need to find the result of modulo operations. As we have shown above, addition and multiplication modulo a prime number p form a finite field. Example 1: Find the multiplicative inverse of. Select angle type of degrees (°) or radians (rad) in the combo box. Examples :. This algorithm is used when A and B are co-prime. Integers are limited in size only by the size of the display. FOX Calculator is GPL Licensed. It then uses the results to form a linear system whose solution is the matrix inverse inv(X). On calculators, modulo is often calculated using the mod() function: mod(a, b) = r. For example 38 is the inverse of 8 modulo 101 since 38 * 8 = 304 = 1 mod 101. This calculator extracts the square root, calculate the modulus, finds inverse, finds conjugate and transform complex number to polar form. Modular Inverses - Given a number n and a modulus m, find the inverse of n, ie the number k such that n * k = 1 (mod m). The first 10,000 primes, if you need some inspiration. All the basic matrix operations as well as methods for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations are implemented on this site. It can be opened in a small pop-up window and includes a user guide. Consider modulo 15 arithmetic and note that 15 is composite. What does a modulo operation do? This modulo calculator is used to perform modular arithmetic. The modulus of a number is the magnitude of that number. a farmer has 500 feet of fense plot lies along the river so only 3 sides. Graphing calculator. It can be shown that such an inverse exists if and only if a and m are coprime, but we will ignore this for this task. The number of photons/rays going through each square is different depending on the distance of the square. e a Inverse Natural Logarithm. In order to calculate the modular inverse to get the decryption key, we could take a brute-force approach and start testing the integer 1, and then 2, and then 3, and so on like we did above. Computes m for n-1 = m (mod p), where n and p are coprime. The solution to a typical exam question - the inverse of 197 modulo 3000. Inverses, like the additive inverse or multiplicative inverses, are important for understanding how to cancel terms when solving for variables in equations and formulas. 10 a 10^a Inverse Logarithm. Multiplication Modulo n. 01=1/100 On calculators the log in base 10 and its inverse share the same physical key. In number theory and encryption often the inverse is needed under a modular ring. This number is unique modulo b for any pair of a and b. Or use the calculator on this page to get the answer. The inverse_matrix function allows to calculate online the inverse of a matrix. The totient is denoted using the Greek symbol phi $$\phi$$. Find more Mathematics widgets in Wolfram|Alpha. If you cannot see how to write a linear combination of 5 and 26 equal 1, you can do so using the Euclidean algorithm. Difference Between Inverse and Reciprocal • Inverse and reciprocal are similar concepts in mathematics that have similar meaning, and in general refer to the opposite of an identity • Multiplicative inverse is identical to reciprocal as it needs to be multiplied with a number to get one as the result. When working in the real numbers, the equation ax=b could be solved for x by dividing both sides of the equation by a to get x=b/a, as long as a wasn't zero. M^-1=I where I is the identity matrix. Free functions inverse calculator - find functions inverse step-by-step. This prealgebra lesson defines and explains the additive inverse property. We solve typical exam questions and show how to do the calculations by hand. Description. Instead of dividing by a number, its inverse can be multiplied to fetch the same result i. I have recently learned Modular Multiplicative inverse and want to solve some problems on it. 01=1/100 On calculators the log in base 10 and its inverse share the same physical key. where the Modulus parameter is 256 and the constant, c, is -128, the minimum possible value of the 8-bit signed encoder counter. We can obtain matrix inverse by following method. The calculator on this page shows how the quadratic formula operates, but if you have access to a graphing calculator you should be able to solve quadratic equations, even ones with imaginary solutions. Turns the calculator off. Given two integers 0 < b < a, consider the Euclidean Algorithm equations which yield gcd(a,b) = rj. ModularInverse[k, n] gives the modular inverse of k modulo n. As you have noticed that there are three 2×2 matrices and one 3×3 matrix, we will be finding out inverse of the matrices through Excel inherent function rather than applying old-school method for evaluating matrix inverse which is;. Define modulus of elasticity. But now what is Modular multiplicative inverse? In modular arithmetic, modular multiplicative inverse of a number ” a “ is the number ” x ” which when multiplied with ” a ” and when a modulo is taken with respect to an integer “m” gives the result 1. As Wikipedia. This text will show you how to perform four basic operations (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division):. n the ratio of the stress applied to a body or substance to the resulting strain within the elastic limit. The section modulus of the cross-sectional shape is of significant importance in designing beams. As we carry out each step of the Euclidean algorithm, we will also calculate an auxillary number, p i. asin inverse sine (arcsine) of a value or expression acos inverse cosine (arccos) of a value or expression atan inverse tangent. Calculator Instructions You have a choice of 9 different calculations. All you have to do is input the initial number x and integer y to find the modulo number r, according to x mod y = r. It is that while I was looking over and testing the code for PseudoCrypt to work with only 0-9,a-z instead of 0-9,A-Z,a-z I discovered that I could not calculate modular multiplicative inverse with php or at least figure out how to. , if gcd(a, m) = 1). (Rubbing his hands). bitwise operators. You may enter between two and ten non-zero integers between -2147483648 and 2147483647. ) Solve a linear congruence problem. Revolutionary knowledge-based programming language. Enter a number, then click base. 5 log 10 (d 2) - (-2. We solve typical exam questions and show how to do the calculations by hand. In order to calculate cos(x) on the calculator: Enter the input angle. 25cm}6 = 4 $$Because $$16 / 6 = 12 + 4$$. For instance, the expression "7 mod 5" would evaluate to 2 because 7 divided by 5 leaves a. 94 × 10-6 w shown in Fig. We can obtain matrix inverse by following method. You see 12 numbers on the clock. The floor function returns the remainder with the same sign as the divisor. Our absolute value equations calculator and absolute value inequalities calculator are here to help you find out the answers and develop your understanding. Multiply adj A by modular inverse of det A. Given two numbers, a (the dividend) and n (the divisor), a modulo n (abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder from the division of a by n. Young's Modulus. It also contents of calculator display and voids any calculator command; however, coefficients in 3-variable linear equations and statistics, as well as values stored in the independent memory in normal mode, are not erased. Inverse Function Calculator inverts function with respect to a given variable. Please refer to each country's website for detailed information. See How can I implement the "Multiplication Modulo" and "Addition Modulo" operations in IDEA? Key generation involves computing a multiplicative inverse. Modulo Calculate Tool to invert a matrix. Secondly [log], or logarithms to the base 10, where the inverse is. The value of the modular inverse of  a  by the modulo  n  is the value  a ^ {- 1}  such that  a a ^ {- 1} = 1 \pmod n  It is common to note this modular inverse  u  and to use these equations$$ u \equiv a^{-1} \pmod n \\ a u \equiv 1 \pmod n $$If a modular inverse exists then it is unique. The inverse of a 2x2 is easy compared to larger matrices (such as a 3x3, 4x4, etc). For example:$$ 16\hspace{0. For example 38 is the inverse of 8 modulo 101 since 38 * 8 = 304 = 1 mod 101. com/channel/UCmtelDcX6c-xSTyX6btx0Cw/. About Modulo Calculator. The multiplicative inverse of a number y is z iff (z * y) == 1. Learn more about the use of hex, or explore hundreds of other calculators addressing math, finance, health, and fitness, and more. How To Find The Inverse of a Number ( mod n ) - Inverses of Modular Arithmetic - Example - Duration: 10:58. This Modular Multiplicative Inverse calculator can handle big numbers, with any number of digits, as long as they are positive integers. (modulo equivalence) a b modn if and only if n a b. Complex analysis. It is a set of elements 2. The process for finding the inverse of a function is a fairly simple one although there are a couple of steps that can on occasion be somewhat messy. Solutions Decimals Exponents & Radicals Ratios & Proportions Percent Modulo. Modular multiplicative inverse of a number a mod m is a number x such that ax ≡ 1 (mod m) It is very helpful where division is carried out along with modular operation. Performs LU, Cholesky, QR, Singular value. That's why by "default", an absolute value function does not have an inverse function (as you will see in the first example below). Step by step calculator to find inverse of functions. It is that while I was looking over and testing the code for PseudoCrypt to work with only 0-9,a-z instead of 0-9,A-Z,a-z I discovered that I could not calculate modular multiplicative inverse with php or at least figure out how to. Modular Inverse is a small topic but look at the amount of background knowledge it requires to understand it! Euler's Theorem, Euler Phi, Modular Exponentiation, Linear Diophantine Equation, Extended Euclidian Algorithm and other small bits of information. For more information and examples using the Euclidean Algorithm see our GCF Calculator and the section on Euclid's Algorithm. A complex numbers are of the form , a+bi where a is called the real part and bi is called the imaginary part. It never made it out of its test phase. Modular Multiplication. Matrix Calculator (beta): A beautiful, free matrix calculator from Desmos. One of the function's properties is important in proving that RSA works. 94 × 10-6 w shown in Fig. inverse is by using Extended Euclidean Algorithm. Note that the optocoupler LEDs are in reverse-parallel configuration. We look for an “inverse matrix” A 1 of the same size, such that A 1 times A equals I. ) Determine the modular inverse of an integer modulo another integer. I have recently learned Modular Multiplicative inverse and want to solve some problems on it. BYJU'S online multiplicative inverse calculator tool makes the calculations faster and easier where it displays the result in a fraction of seconds. Consider modulo 15 arithmetic and note that 15 is composite. Turns the calculator on or clears data. Is there a command to calculate the inverse of r modulo m? Example: Such a command ( let's call it invmod()) should work in the following way invmod(12,53)-> 31. , if gcd(a, m) = 1). For those larger matrices there are three main methods to work out the inverse: Inverse of a Matrix using Elementary Row Operations (Gauss-Jordan) Inverse of a Matrix using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate; Use a computer (such as the Matrix Calculator) Conclusion. Euler's Totient L6 is the number of elements that have a multiplicative inverse in a set of modulo integers. 6 inverse of a function. ax \equiv 1 \pmod{m}. Read and learn for free about the following article: Modular exponentiation If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. For example, the modular inverses of 1, 2, 3, and 4 (mod 5) are 1, 3, 2, and 4. multiplicative inverse synonyms, multiplicative inverse pronunciation, multiplicative inverse translation, English dictionary definition of multiplicative inverse. Your task is to given two integer numbers, a and b calculate the modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo b, if it exists. Do a setmod of zero to clear the modulus and work in the group of integers. Select angle type of degrees (°) or radians (rad) in the combo box. Turns the calculator off. Another way is to raise to the power $2^{16}-1$. Quaternion Division | Quaternion Modulus. Dennis Stanton 206 Church St SE School of Mathematics University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455. Best regards,. a farmer has 500 feet of fense plot lies along the river so only 3 sides. a x ≡ 1 (mod m) The value of x should be in {0, 1, 2, … m-1}, i. Enter a number, then click base. BYJU'S online multiplicative inverse calculator tool makes the calculations faster and easier where it displays the result in a fraction of seconds. This has been explained in detail in the Modular multiplicative inverse section. Given two numbers, a (the dividend) and n (the divisor), a modulo n (abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder from the division of a by n. Logarithmic forms. "Addition" is the usual addition of polynomials (reducing coefficients modulo 2), and "multiplication" is the usual multiplication of polynomials (reducing coefficients modulo 2), followed by a reduction modulo f(x) (and further coefficient reduction modulo 2) until the result has degree less than 8. Reduce the left matrix to row echelon form using elementary row operations for the whole matrix (including the right one). An important property of the inverse function is that inverse of the inverse function is the function itself. Calculate the multiplicative inverse of a number modulo n using the Extended Euclidean Algorithm; Calculator Because I like you so much I have also build an Extended Euclidean Algorithm calculator, specially for you! It can also be used for the (non-extended) Euclidean Algorithm and the multiplicative inverse. will always be the opposite of the number you are adding; when you add a number and its opposite it will always equal 0; zero is the additive inverse of itself. Just type in the number and modulo, and click Calculate. and get the matrix. Modpow(m,n,r): finds m n modulo r. When a number is multiplied to its multiplicative inverse, the result. Definitions as infinite series. Range of usual principal value. (Rubbing his hands). Setup To be able to use Calc on devices with fewer keys than the T610 (most Nokias, that is), a couple of setup dialogs may appear the first time Calc is started. 25cm}6 = 4  Because $$16 / 6 = 12 + 4$$. To find, for example, 39 modulo 7, you simply calculate 39/7 (= 5 4/7) and take the remainder.